進階的假設語氣
在進入「假設語氣」的進階句型前，我們先來複習上個章節「假設語氣」的概念，也就是：「與現在事實相反」時，動詞用「過去式」；「與過去事實相反」時，動詞用「過去分詞」(had p.p.)。就像這張圖中所講的：
簡單來說，就是把握一個原則：假設語氣的時態都會比實際狀況早一步。熟悉了這樣的概念之後，就讓我們來看看假設語氣的延伸用法吧！
wish 與 if only 的假設語氣
wish 是一個動詞，指「但願」、「希望」之意。一般來說，會使用到 wish 這個字，就代表著這個願望是不太可能發生的。正因為這種「與事實不符」的特性，在 wish 後所加的句子必須使用假設語氣：
與現在事實相反的希望：
S1 + wish + S2 +V$_過$
S1 + wish + S2 were N/ adj.
與過去事實相反的希望：
S1 + wish + S2 had Vpp.
S1 + wish + S2 +V$_過$
S1 + wish + S2 were N/ adj.
與過去事實相反的希望：
S1 + wish + S2 had Vpp.
讓我們來看個例子。假如你現在住的地方離學校很遠，而你很希望住的離學校近一點，你就可以說：
I wish I lived near the school.
(但願我住在學校附近。)
(但願我住在學校附近。)
同樣地，如果希望自己可以長得高一點，或變得有錢一點，一樣是把握這樣的原則，如：
I wish I were taller.
(我希望自己能高點。)
I wish I were rich.
= I wish I had more money.
(我希望自己有錢。)
(我希望自己能高點。)
I wish I were rich.
= I wish I had more money.
(我希望自己有錢。)
當然，我們也可以造出一些與過去事實不符的例子，例如：
I wish I had not said that to Mom.
(真希望當時我沒對媽媽說出那種話！)
I wish I had studied harder!
(真希望我以前認真一點!)
(真希望當時我沒對媽媽說出那種話！)
I wish I had studied harder!
(真希望我以前認真一點!)
If only I lived near the school.
= Would (that) I lived near the school.
= Would (that) I lived near the school.
wish 與 hope 的不同
wish 與 hope 兩個字在中文中同樣表示「希望」，但是在英文中，是有些許不同的。一般來說，wish 用來表達不會實現的願望，因次會使用假設語氣；hope 則用來表達有可能實現的願望，後面常接現在式或未來式。例如：
Dad hopes he will be promoted next year.
(爸爸希望明年能升職 ⇒ 爸爸有可能升職。)
I hope I can study abroad next year.
(我希望明年能出國念書 ⇒ 我有可能出國念書。)
(爸爸希望明年能升職 ⇒ 爸爸有可能升職。)
I hope I can study abroad next year.
(我希望明年能出國念書 ⇒ 我有可能出國念書。)
as if 與 as though 的假設語氣
as if 與 as though 是連接詞，用來表達「彷彿」、「好像」，用於「與事實相反」的情境。其使用的規則是：
... as if + S + V$_過$
... as if + S + were + N/adj.
... as if + S + had Vpp.
... as if + S + were + N/adj.
... as if + S + had Vpp.
讓我們來看幾個例子：
Jenny talks as if she were my mom.
(Jenny講得好像他是我媽媽一樣。)
The young lady walks as if she were an old woman.
(這年輕少女走路像老太婆一樣。)
(Jenny講得好像他是我媽媽一樣。)
The young lady walks as if she were an old woman.
(這年輕少女走路像老太婆一樣。)
第二句話前面的 walks 使用了現在式（第三人稱單數），代表一個「習慣」、「事實」，後面則因為假設語氣而使用了 were：與「現在事實相反」用「過去式」。而正如同上一章節所說的，be 動詞不管第幾人稱，在假設語氣時一律用 were。再讓我們看看這個例子：
The white-faced young lady looks as if she had seen a ghost just now.
(這個臉色發白的少女彷彿剛剛看到的鬼！)
(這個臉色發白的少女彷彿剛剛看到的鬼！)
這句話前面的動詞一樣用了現在式第三人稱單數的 looks，但後面免所講的是「她彷彿看到鬼」而不是「她真的看到鬼」，因此動詞是「與過去事實相反」的「過去完成式」had seen。
as if 與 as though 不一定用假設語氣
as if 與 as though 兩個字經常與假設語氣用再一起，但是這並不代表假設語氣是必要的。as if 與 as though 後面其實也可以使用「直說法」的！例如：
Samuel looks as if he hasn't slept all night.
(Samuel看起來整晚沒睡。)
(Samuel看起來整晚沒睡。)
這句話所透漏的語境是：Samuel 目前看起來的確是很疲倦，整晚沒睡的可能性很大。因此，後面並沒有加上「假設語氣」，而是用了一個直述句。
「要不是」、「若沒有」的假設語氣
這組假設語氣的句型，通常是學生們認為最困難也最害怕的一組，用來表達「要不是... 就會... 」或「如果沒有... 就會...」。首先，讓我們先來看看「與現在事實不符」的假設：
(If it were not for + N,
= Were it not for + N, (上一句的倒裝)
= But for + N,
= Without+ N,
= But that S + V現,
= Only that S + V現)
+ S + would/ could/ should/ might V$_R$
= Were it not for + N, (上一句的倒裝)
= But for + N,
= Without+ N,
= But that S + V現,
= Only that S + V現)
+ S + would/ could/ should/ might V$_R$
舉例來說，如果我們要表達「要不是有網際網路，我的生活就會相當無趣」，我們可以說：
If it were not for the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Were it not for the Internet, my life might be dull.
= But for the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Without the Internet, my life might be dull.
= But that there is the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Only that there is the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Were it not for the Internet, my life might be dull.
= But for the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Without the Internet, my life might be dull.
= But that there is the Internet, my life might be dull.
= Only that there is the Internet, my life might be dull.
這句話所透露的是：網路的存在是事實，也因為網路存在，生活變得很有趣。而這裡必須注意一點，那就是 but that 和 only that 後所接的動詞，必須是現在式的動詞。
接這，讓我們將上面的句型往後退一格，變成「與過去事實不符」的假設語氣，我們會得到：
( If it had not been for + N,
= Had it not been for + N, (上一句的倒裝)
= But for + N, = Without+ N,
= But that S + V過,
= Only that S + V過)
+ S + would/ could/ should/ might have Vpp.
= Had it not been for + N, (上一句的倒裝)
= But for + N, = Without+ N,
= But that S + V過,
= Only that S + V過)
+ S + would/ could/ should/ might have Vpp.
讓我們來看看幾個例句：
If it had not been for your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Had it not been for your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= But for your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Without your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= But that you supported Neil, he wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Only that you supported Neil, he wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Had it not been for your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= But for your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Without your support, Neil wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= But that you supported Neil, he wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
= Only that you supported Neil, he wouldn’t have gotten into MIT.
要不是當時有你的支持，Neil 就不會考上 MIT。因為時間點在「過去」，所以用與「過去事實相反」的假設語氣，代表「當時因為有你支持著 Neil，所以他考上了 MIT」！而這裡同樣要注意的是，but that 和 only that 後所接的動詞，是過去式而非過去完成式。
+1
感謝內容貢獻者
此篇文章由 1 位使用者共同編輯而成，並且由使用者 章文 負責維護。點此查看編輯者名單。